Муниципальное Бюджетное Общеобразовательное Учреждение
«СОШ №21»
Методическая разработка
по теме:
«Реализация коммуникативного подхода в отборе
содержания и форм текущего контроля
в контексте требованиям к ЕГЭ (на примере темы: «Subcultures of today»)
Составила:
Чернова Л.И.
Учитель высшей
квалификационной категории
Владимир 2013 г.
Active vocabulary.
biker ['baIkZW] - байкер
cosplayer [kqs'pleIW] - косплеер
еmо [‘i:mqu] -эмо
goth [gOT] - гот, готесса
cybergoth ['saibqgOT] - кибергот
hacker [hxkq] - хакер
hip-hoper ['hIphOpq] - хип-хопер
metalhead [‘met(q)lhed] – металлист
punk [pANk] - панк
raver ['reIvq] - рейвер
skater [’skeItq] - скейтер
mainstream [‘meInstri:m] - представляющий большинство, основной (larger, dominant)
to consider [kqn'sidq] (ed) - рассматривать, полагать, считать (to think about, to discuss, to look at)
inspiration [,insp(q)'reIS(q)n] - вдохновение, воодушевление (stimulus)
to focus ['fqukqs] (ed) - сосредоточивать, обращать внимание (to center, to pay attention on)
charity ['tSxrItI] - благотворительность (kindness, humanity, sympathy)
to designate ['dezIgneIt] (ed) - определять, называть, обозначать (to mean, to indicate, to define)
to draw [drO:] (drew, drawn) - брать, извлекать (to take, to pick out)
a source [sLs] – источник
entity ['entItI] - существо, сущность, суть (nature, main point)
to blend [blend] (ed) - смешиваться, сливаться (to join, to mix)
to derive [dI'raIv] (ed) - происходить (to come from, to descend from)
an offshoot [‘OfSu:t] - ответвление (branch)
proclivity [prq’klIvqtI] - склонность (inclination to, tendency to, gift for)
aesthetics [i:s’TetIks] - эстетика (beauty)
to encompass [In’kAmpqs] (ed) - охватывать (to include, to cover)
androgynous [xn’drOGInqs] - гермафродитный (bisexual, hermaphrodite)
medieval [,medI’i:v(q)l] - средневековый (vintage, old-fashioned)
profit ['prOfIt] - выгода, польза (advantage, benefit)
a challenge ['tSxlinG] - вызов, сложная задача, проблема (dare, problem)
to evolve [I’vOlv] (ed) - развивать(ся), эволюционировать (to develop, to move, to grow)
a source code [sO:skqud] - исходный код (original code)
a pillar [’pIlq] - основной принцип (ground, basic, main principle)
to emerge [I'mE:G] (ed) - появляться, возникать (to appear, to originate, to arise)
percussive [pq’kAsIv] - ударный (intensified, high-powered)
chanting [tSQ:ntIN] - пение (singing)
a refinement [rI’faImqnt] - обработка (editing, variation)
to affirm [q’fE:m] (ed) - подтверждать (to confirm, to prove)
a rivet [’rIvIt] - клепка (stave)
to vary [‘vFqrI] (ed) - варьироваться, изменяться (to differ, to change)
Lexical exercises.
1.Составьте из букв слова:
animemarts, synganuodor, locaspery, cruisepevs, herbogyct, sciehattes, civiltopyr
2.Составьте словосочетания (прилагательное + существительное, существительное/местоимение + глагол + существительное) из новых и уже известных вам слов.
3.Назовите антонимы к следующим словам:
mainstream, charity, to blend, medieval, to evolve, to affirm
4.Найдите подходящие сочетания слов:
to focus an object
to consider information
to affirm attention
to designate drawing
proclivity to necessary
medieval the important
to draw castle
a source of an order
5.Заполните пропуски следующими словами (to derive; to vary; percussive; to evolve; androgynous; source; proclivity; profit):
1) When I was a child my mother understood that I had ... to drawing. 2) Nowadays music with strong ... beats is very popular among most young people. 3) Not many people know that gothic subculture ... from post-punk. 4) A businessman won’t sponsor any project if he isn’t sure he gets ... on it. 5) Musical interests of pupils may ... from classical music to black metal. 6) Everyone who studied biology well knows that worms are ... 7) Internet is a very useful ... of information. 8) Every person must ... during his life.
6.Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова:
The е... of the art is in beauty. Every artist gets his i... from beauty wherever he finds it. In modem art it is very popular to b... different styles. Without a doubt such trend is a c... to those who prefer only one style. But it’s an open secret that a new movement of art can’t e... from nowhere. This is a p... of life. Of course people can get some p... from art whether it is modern or not. That’s why the organizers of different exhibitions try to f... people’s attention on art. They arrange various acts of c... for that purpose too. This is one of the main financial s... for the further development of art.
7.Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:
1) Из каждой допущенной ошибки умный человек должен извлекать урок. 2) В современной жизни средневекового уровня образования не достаточно. 3) Не многие вещи появляются из ниоткуда. 4) Контрольная работа является сложной задачей для тех, кто не готовился к ней. 5) Во всех пиратских версиях программ исходный код можно найти в “read me” файле. 6) Школьная программа охватывает много разных наук. 7) Субкультуры отличаются стилями музыки, одежды, эстетикой и многим другим. 8) Современные дизайнеры одежды довольно часто используют в своих работах клепки. 9) Международная конвенция о правах детей подтверждает наше право на самовыражение.
8.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1) What pillars does the Universal Convention for Children’s Rights designate? 2) What offshoots of rock music do you know? 3) What kinds of chanting can you name? 4) What means can you use for the decorative refinement of your cloths?
9.Составьте 3-4 предложения, используя не менее 2-х новых слов в каждом.
10.Отгадайте кроссворд.
происходить;
пение;
ударный;
обработка;
сложная задача, проблема;
основной принцип;
развиваться;
охватывать;
полагать, считать;
варьироваться, изменяться.
Grammar rules.
| I. The present simple tense. Обозначает обычное действие, регулярно повторяющееся в настоящем (указатели времени: every day, regularly, usually, always, often, rarely, seldom, never, whenever, sometimes), или ряд последовательных действий в настоящем (указатели времени: at first, and, then, after). Образуется с помощью первой формы глагола (неопределенной формы, инфинитива). В третьем лице единственного числа {he, she, it) к глаголу добавляется окончание -s (~es). Глагол to be имеет формы am, is, are. Ex.: He always gets up at 7 о1 clock. At first I get up then I wash up. Общий вопрос. Do/does + подл. + 1 ф.гл. + втор, члены пред.? Ex.: Do you often go to school? Специальный вопрос. Вопр. слово + do/does + подл. + 1 ф.гл. + втор, члены пред. ? Ex.: Where does she usually spend her weekend? Отрицательное предложение. Do/does + not + 1 ф.гл. Ex.: It doesn 7 happen every day. II. The past simple tense. Обозначает одномоментное, регулярно повторявшееся действие в прошлом (указатели времени: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last Sunday/week/month /year, in 1935, when, ago), или ряд последовательных действий в прошлом (указатели времени: at first, then, after, and). Образуется с помощью второй формы глагола. Глагол to be имеет формы was, were. Ex.: Не got up at 7 о 'clockyesterday. At first I got up then I washed up. Общий вопрос. Did + подл. + 1 ф.гл. + втор, члены пред. ? Ex.: Did you went to bed early last summer? Специальный вопрос. Вопр. слово + did + подл. + 1 ф.гл. + втор, члены пред. ? Ex.: How did you spend your summer? Отрицательное предложение. Did + not + 1 ф.гл. Ex.: I didn Ex.:I didn’t want to go for a walk. | III.The Passive Voice. Пассивный залог используется в предложениях, где подлежащее не выполняет действие, а подвергается действию со стороны другого лица. By - предлог, с помощью которого указывается со стороны кого производится действие. Образуется с помощью глагола to be и третьей формы основного глагола. The Present Simple Tense in the Passive Voice. to be {am, is, are) + 3 форма основного глагола Ex.: The exercise is written by the pupils. The Past Simple Tense in the Passive Voice. to be {was, were)+ 3 форма основного глагола Ex.: The exercise was written by the pupils. Общий вопрос. To be+ подл. + 3 ф.гл. + втор, члены пред. ? Ex.: Is the exercise written by the pupils? Специальный вопрос. Вопр. слово + to be + подл. + 3 ф.гл. + втор, члены пред. ? Ex.: By whom is the exercise written? Отрицательное предложение. To be + not + 3 ф.гл. Ex.: The exercise isn 7 written by the pupils. IV.The Present Perfect Tense. Обозначает действие, происходившее до настоящего момента, но связанное с этим настоящим моментом или действие (состояние), начавшееся в прошлом и продолжающееся в данный момент (указатели времени: just, yet (исп. в отриц. предл.), never (исп. в утверд. предл.), ever (исп. в вопросах), already, so far, up to now, by this day, recently, since, for, today, this week). Образуется с помощью глагола to have и третьей формы основного глагола. to have + 3 ф.гл. Ex.: I have never done this in my whole life. Общий вопрос. To have + подл. + 3 ф.гл. + втор, члены пред.? Ex.: Have you ever been to London? Специальный вопрос. Вопр. слово + to have + подл. + 3 ф.гл. + втор, члены пред. ? Ex.: How long have you stayed here? Отрицательное предложение. To have + not + 3 ф.гл. Ex.: They haven ’t arrived yet.
|
Grammar exercises.
Задай к предложению 1 общий, 2 специальных вопроса и 1 tag-question:
Cultural grouping is a way for young people to express their individuality.
Выбери правильный вариант ответа:
1)Does your friend belong to any subculture?
a) Yes, he has.
b) Yes, he does.
c) No, he didn’t.
2)Some musical styles appeared from others, didn’t they?
a) No, they hadn’t.
b) Yes, they do.
c) Yes, they did.
3)Are a lot of subcultures blamed by adults nowadays?
a) Yes, they are.
b) No, they don’t.
c) Yes, they have.
4)Subcultures were created by those who wanted to be different, weren’t they?
a) Yes, they do.
b) No, they didn’t.
c) Yes, they were.
5)Have you ever seen a representative of a subculture?
a) Yes, I have.
b) No, I’m not.
c) No, I didn’t.
Постройте из утвердительных предложений отрицательные:
1) Hip-hop culture has spread around the world.
2) Cybergoths follow electronic dance music more often than rock.
3) The punk subculture is centered around listening to punk rock.
4) Emocore originated in the mid-1980s hardcore punk movement.
5) A few motorcycle organizations were believed to be criminal gangs.
Постройте вопрос к подлежащему:
1)Bikers don’t imagine their life without a motorcycle.
2) Heavy metal fans have created their own subculture.
3) Members of different subcultures are treated differently.
4) Crackers were a group of people who had an interest in computer programming.
5) In 1970 people who liked all night house parties were called rave dancers.
5. Раскройте скобки, выбирая требующуюся форму глагола:
1) My postbox (to empty) every time I check it. 2) Last night I (to e-mail) my best friend about my plans for the weekend. 3) The last book of the Twilight saga (to publish) in 2008. 4) Many young people (to be) interested in classical music. 5) What your neighbours (to do) yesterday? 6) We have already (to learn) a lot of English words. 7) My sister and I (to make friends with) our new classmate last Sunday. 8) Rome (not to build) in a day. 9) You (to see) any good films recently? 10) My elder brother often (to take) me to rock concerts.
6. Поставьте слова в нужном порядке:
1) what subculture did appear conditions emo under ?
2) “Big Four” called the has FBI motorcycle dangerous four societies most as the ?
3) characters from for plays are costume drawn often where ?
4) all any awful people that do subcultures are think ?
7. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice, обращая внимание на видовременную форму глаголов:
1) They gave me a new car. 2) I brought her to my place. 3) She let him use her guitar. 4) Her mother wakes her every day. 5) He put his favourite poster on the wall. 6) Usually when the weather is bad my dad gives me an umbrella.
8. Пронумеруй фразы в таком порядке, чтобы получился диалог двух молодых людей:
Well, I’m kind of a punk now.
And you’ve changed a lot since I last saw you.
By the way I’m to meet my roots in 10 minutes, so, I’d better go, bye!
You should try and dye your hair with some crazy colour too, it’s so cool!
So have you.
Hi there!
What music do you prefer now?
No, thanks. My parents are against it. I don’t want to argue with them.
See you!
Yeah, I should have guessed ‘cause of your hairstyle.
Hi, haven’t seen you for ages!
9. Переведи предложения на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple:
1) Дождь прекратился и на небе снова светит солнце. 2) Она жила здесь в прошлом году. 3) Прошлым летом мы путешествовали по Европе. 4) Погода изменилась, и теперь мы можем пойти погулять. 5) 2 часа назад Алексей встретил друга. 6) Я только что встретил нашего учителя. 7) Вчера дети решили помочь их бабушке. 8) Я смотрела этот фильм в прошлое воскресенье. 9) Мой папа так много знает, потому что он много путешествовал. 10) До сегодняшнего дня я не знал, что такое гермафродит.
Subcultures of today.
Young people have a particular relationship with the world. There are many groupings (subcultures) that have interests different from those of the mainstream culture. A particular cultural grouping is a way for young people to express their individuality. By the mid-60s teenagers had begun to form distinct cultural groupings. Most young people in Britain follow some kind of youth culture: rocker, hacker, raver, skinhead, hippies, goth, punk, biker. Why do teens choose a subculture? A subculture is a way of life. It isn’t a fan club, it’s a real life. It seems to them that the parents are always saying: No! That everything about them: their hair, their music, clothes, the way they talk, their dreams are considered bad by grown-ups. The young people are unsure of where they are going. So it’s a way of having something that they can say they belong to. Often young people do something not because they want to do it. They do things because everybody around does or because they think it’s impolite to refuse. The inspiration to form a youth culture comes out of a combination of fashion, style and music. A subculture is group with a distinct style and identity. Different subcultures have their own beliefs, values, fashions. Nevertheless, members of different subcultures may have something similar in their image, behavior, etc. Some people think that all subcultures are awful.
Bikers are loose-knit social groups that don’t imagine their life without a motorcycle. They appeared in 1950s in Britain. Social motorcyclist organizations are popular and are sometimes organized geographically, focus on individual makes, or even specific models. Many organizations raise money for charities through organized events and rides, some other motorcycle organizations exist only for the direct benefit of others. But a few are believed to be criminal gangs. The FBI has designated four motorcyclist societies as Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMGs), which are the Pagans, Hells Angels, Outlaws MC, and Bandidos, known as the "Big Four”.
Cosplay (short for "costume play") is a type of performance art in which participants make costumes and accessories to represent a specific character or idea. Characters are often drawn from popular fiction in Japan. Favorite sources include manga, anime, video games and fantasy movies. Role play includes portrayals of J- pop and J-rock stars, science fiction characters, characters from musical stories, classic novels, and entertainment software. Any entity from the real or virtual world that lends itself to dramatic interpretation may be taken up as a subject. Inanimate objects are given anthropomorphic forms and it is not unusual to see genders switched, with women playing male roles and vice versa. Cosplayers often interact to create a subculture centered around role play.
Emo is a style of rock music typically characterized by melodic musicianship and expressive, often confessional lyrics. It originated in the mid-1980s hardcore punk movement of Washington, D.C., where it was known as "emotional hardcore" or "emocore". As the style was echoed by contemporary American punk rock bands, its sound and meaning shifted and changed, blending with pop punk and indie rock and encapsulated in the early 1990s. Emo broke into mainstream culture in the early 2000s. In recent years the term "emo" has been applied by critics and journalists to a variety of artists, including multiplatinum acts and groups with disparate styles and sounds. In addition to music, "emo" is often used more generally to signify a particular relationship between fans and artists, and to describe related aspects of fashion, culture, and behavior.
The goth subculture is a contemporary subculture found in many countries. It began in England during the early 1980s in the gothic rock scene, an offshoot of the post-punk genre. The goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era, and has continued to evolve. Its imagery and cultural proclivities indicate influences from the 19th century Gothic literature along with horror films. The goth subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion, whether or not all individuals who share those tastes are in fact members of the goth subculture. Gothic music encompasses a number of different styles. Styles of dress within the subculture range from deathrock, punk, androgynous, Victorian, some Renaissance and Medieval style attire, or combinations of the above, most often with dark attire, makeup and hair.
Cybergoth is a subculture that derives from elements of cyberpunk, goth, and raver fashion. Unlike traditional goths, cybergoths follow electronic dance music more often than rock.
A hacker, in common usage, is a person who breaks into computers and computer networks, either for profit or motivated by the challenge. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground but is now an open community. Other uses of the word hacker exist, but these are rarely used by the mainstream media because of the common stereotype that is in TV and movies. Before the media described the person who breaks into computers as a hacker there was a hacker community. This group was a community of people who had a large interest in computer programming, often sharing, without restrictions, the source code for the software they wrote. These people now refer to the cyber-criminal hackers as "crackers".
Hip-Hop is an artistic culture that originated in the 1970s in New York City. DJ Afrika Bambaataa outlined the four pillars of Hip-Hop Culture: MCing, DJing, b-boying, and graffiti writing. Other elements include beatboxing. Since first emerging, Hip-hop culture has spread around the world. Hip-hop music first emerged with disc jockeys creating rhythmic beats by looping (образующие петли) breaks (small portions of songs emphasizing a percussive pattern) on two turntables, more commonly referred to as sampling. This was later accompanied by "rap", a rhythmic style of chanting or poetry presented in 16 bar measures or time frames, and beatboxing, a vocal technique mainly used to imitate percussive elements of the music and various technical effects of hip-hop DJ's. An original form of dancing and particular styles of dress arose among fans of this new music. These elements experienced considerable refinement and development over the course of the history of the culture.
Heavy Metai fans have created their own subculture which encompasses more than just appreciation of the style of music. Fans affirm their membership in the subculture or scene by attending metal concerts, buying albums, growing their hair, and most recently, by contributing to metal websites. Heavy metal fans go by a number of different names, including Metalhead, Headbanger, Rivethead and Thrasher. These vary with time and regional divisions. There is no universaly accepted single phrase to refer to fans or the subculture itself. In place of typical dancing, metal fans are more likely to mosh or headbang, a movement in which the head is shaken up and down in time with the music. Fans from the heavy metal culture often make the "Coma" hand-signal formed by a fist with the little and index fingers extended, known variously as the “devil’s horns”, the “metal fist” and other similar descriptors.
The punk subculture includes a diverse array of ideologies, and forms of expression, including fashion, visual art, dance, literature and films. The punk subculture emerged in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia in the mid-1970s. In particular, punk drew inspiration from several strains of modern art. Punk rock has a variety of musical origins both within the rock and roll genre and beyond. But the punk subculture is centered around listening to recordings or live concerts of a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock, usually shortened to punk. Some punk bands incorporate elements from other subgenres, such as metal or folk rock. Most punk rock songs are short, have simple and somewhat basic arrangements using relatively few chords, and they use lyrics that express punk values and ideologies ranging from the nihilism of the Sex Pistols' "No Future" to the positive, anti-drug message of Minor Threat’s "Straight Edge". Punk- related ideologies are mostly concerned with individual freedom and anti-establishment views.
Anarcho-punk is punk rock that promotes anarchism. The term anarcho-piink is sometimes applied exclusively to bands that were part of the original anarcho-punk movement in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Some use the term more broadly to refer to any punk music with anarchist lyrical content, including crust punk, folk punk, hardcore punk, garage punk or ska punk.
Rave is a term with first documented use in 1970 to describe rave dances and later in 1980 for Acid (LSD and could include mushrooms) house parties and ecstasy which is highly illegal (often all-night events) with fast-paced electronic music, laser light shows and artificial fog. The genres of electronic dance music played by DJs include house, trance, and techno.
Skateboarding is the act of riding and performing tricks using a skateboard. A person who skateboards is most often referred to as a skater. Skateboarding can be an artform, a job, or a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. It is relatively modern. A 2002 report by American Sports Data found that there were 18.5 million skateboarders in the world.
Reading.
Установите соответствия между заголовками и текстами. Один заголовок лишний:
Emo Е. Metalhead
Raver F. Skater
Cosplayer G. Punk
Goth H. Hip-hoper
1) These people like to make different kinds of performances representing a specific character or idea. Favorite sources include manga, anime, comic books, video games and fantasy movies. They make costumes and accessories by themselves. Members of this subculture often interact to create a subculture centered around role play. They gather at public events such as comic-book and video game trade shows, as well as at dedicated parties at nightclubs or amusement parks.
2) These people affirm their membership in the subculture by attending concerts, buying albums, growing their hair, and most recently, by contributing to special websites. In place of typical dancing they are more likely to mosh or headbang, a movement in which the head is shaken up and down in time with the music. Members of this subculture often make the "Coma" hand-signal formed by a fist with the little and index fingers extended.
3) Today members of this subculture are commonly tied to both music and fashion. Usually among teens, they are stereotyped with wearing slim-fit jeans, sometimes in bright colors, and tight t-shirts (usually short-sleeved). Studded belts and black wristbands are common accessories in their fashion. These people has been associated with a stereotype that includes being particularly emotional, sensitive, shy, introverted, or angst-ridden. The subculture has also been associated with depression, self-injury, and suicide.
4) A young person who dresses in a shocking way to express his or her identity. He or she has brightly coloured hair and wears metal chains. The person is thought to protest against the society. The music is aggressive. They say no to everything. Their ideologies are mostly concerned with individual freedom and antiestablishment views.
5) This subculture originated in New York City and spread around the world rather quickly. The pillars of it are: MCing, DJing, b-boying, beatboxing and graffiti writing. An original form of dancing and particular styles of dress arose among the members of this subculture. Its members wear loose pants and t-shirts, caps, heavy chains made of precious metals. The idea of "respect" is very important for those who belong to this subculture.
6) These people like all night house parties with fast-paced electronic music and light shows. At these parties people dance to dance music played by DJs and occasionally live performers. The genres of electronic dance music played include house, trance, techno and jungle, with the accompaniment of projected images and artificial fog. In the U.S., the mainstream media and law enforcement agencies have branded the subculture as a purely drug-centric culture (in the case of raves, usually pills and ecstasy).
7) This is a contemporary subculture found in many countries. It has survived much longer than others of the same era, and it continues to evolve. The subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion, whether or not all individuals who share those tastes are in fact members of the subculture. Its music encompasses a number of different styles. Styles of dress within the subculture range from deathrock, punk, androgynous, Victorian, some Renaissance and Medieval style attire, or combinations of the above, most often with dark attire, makeup and hair.
2. Определите в какой части текста даны ответы на следующие вопросы:
A. How does the study progress influence on lives of teenagers?
B. Where did rastafairians come from?
C. What subculture appeared as a result of race conflict?
1) Many people think that a subculture is the culture of those who are dissatisfied with their place in society. Different subcultures have their own beliefs, value systems, fashion, and favourite music. For example the subculture of Rastafairians was based on nostalgia for a lost word. They idealized Africa. Rastafairians were Afro-Caribbean immigrants in Britain. They began to wear distinctive clothes, camouflage jackets, large hats in
the red, gold and green colours of Ethiopia and put their long, uncut hair in dreadlocks. They brought to us such tapes of music as ska, reggae and hip-hop.
2) Many subcultures developed as a result of music fusion of black and white cultures. For example skinheads, which wore heavy boots, jeans and braces and shave their hair or cut it very short. Skinheads dreamed about the revival of the traditional working class culture. Skinheads were identified with extreme right wing views.
3) There are many other subcultures such as Hippies, Punks, Mods, Rockers, Ravers and many others. Generally they were young people with low self-respect, who did poorly at school. They opposed the traditional world in which they where settled as fiasco elements.
3. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски частями предложений. Одна из частей в списке лишняя:
Today the life of many young people in Russia as well as in other countries of the world is influenced by popular culture. The young follow certain stereotypes 1 . In their lifestyle they try to imitate the images of their idols.
Other young people are sports and music fans. They frequent stadiums and huge concert halls. They follow their idols in their tours 2 .
Unfortunately they are intolerant to those who don't share their view. It's a specific aspect of the youth subculture 3 . But many young people have other interests. For some of them getting knowledge is of primary importance. They are fond of reading serious books, 4 listening to serious music. They go to the conservatory and theatres. They are mengaged in Hi-Tech through the Internet.
Subcultures are not that bad 5 . Teens want to show off. But at the same time a lot of teens think about changing the world to the best. Subcultures are for teens. Then teenagers 6 . Some who were punks became the main editors of famous newspapers. A subculture is a way of life. It is not a fan club; it is a real life for teenagers.
A. as they are thought to be.
B. that can't be ignored.
C. which are imposed on them through TV, movies.
D. because their parents don’t allow them to do it.
E. may become good citizens.
F. because they want to support them.
G. like science fiction stories.
4. Прочитайте текст и дополните приведенные ниже предложения опираясь на него:
What is the gothic subculture in the UK?
The word "gothic" is derived from the name of an early European tribe called the Visigoths, who enjoyed pillaging and raping and were famous for being uneducated and lacking in artistic taste. The term was also used from the middle ages onwards to describe a type of architecture; in particular cathedral arches with a sharp high point in the centre. Around the Victorian era, the label was also applied to horror novels by authors such as Edgar Allan Poe, Mary Shelly and Bram Stoker.
Use of "gothic" to describe the music and social subculture began in the late 1970's with Punk and New Romantic, but origins can be traced back Egyptian times and before. The scene blossomed in the 1980s and spawned many chart-topping hits from goth bands including The Sisters of Mercy, The Mission, All About Eve, The Cure, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Fields of the Nephilim and Christian Death. The mid-80's "classic goth" sound was characterised by jangly mandolin-style semi-acoustic guitar, steady one-note basslines, simple but fast rhythms, heavy use of synthesisers or effects processing and powerfully dark vocals. Early 80's goth bands had a far more punky feel. Although some of the "classic" bands are still going, and much loved by many of today's goths, they are not the main focus of goth culture today.
In the 1980's, goth became not just a musical style but also a clothing fashion. The look was typified by dyed black voluminous hair, pale skin, tight black clothes, pointed boots and lots of silver jewellery (often using
religious designs from early European and ancient Egyptian culture). In particular black leather biker jackets, black skin-tight jeans, black fishnet stockings and black aviator sunglasses became goth trademarks.
The early 1990's saw a huge change in the goth scene. The media coverage died quite quickly, spurred on by the press hunt for something-anything-new, despite a short burst of continuing chart hits by big-name 80's goth bands. Goth music soon lost media coverage and new goth bands found it difficult to get airplay or even record deals.
However, the subculture not only survived, but strengthened. Networks of goth organisations, held together mainly by the booming nightclub business, ignored the media's ridicule and continued to develop. Cheap, readily available technology, such as desktop publishing and home recording, kept the scene alive with hundreds of fanzines and demo tapes of varying quality. This rebirth was helped greatly by a Hollywood Victorian Horror revival, with box-office hit films including "The Crow", "Edward Scissorhands" and "Interview with the Vampire" bringing new interest in the goth scene. Goth fashion changed subtly, with crimped hair, high ponytails and combat trousers from the Grebo/Crusty scene, long straight hair, velvet and lace from Victorian Horror, leather and rubberwear from the fettish scene, hair bunches, zips tops and hooded tops from techno. There is also a slow take-up of tattooing and piercing, but with nothing like the popularity in the US and Canada. By far the most popular goth fashion item remains skin tight black jeans.
Music plays a smaller part in the goth scene of the 1990's than it did in the 1980's. There isn't a definitive goth sound any more; although there are still common factors such as haunting vocals and synthesised dark effects.
The goth subculture in the UK is more to do with style, attitude and the social scene - the style is black, the attitude is dark and the social scene is buzzing.
1) The term "gothic" arises from the name of
a) the famous computer game
b) ancient tribe
c) a movie starring Holly Berry
2) In music "classic goth" sound is characterized by
a) rhythmic beats, rhythmic style of singing, vocal technique used to imitate elements of the music.
b) distorted guitars, noisy drumming, aggressive vocal, relatively few chords.
c) simple rhythms, a mix of acoustic and electric guitar, powerfully dark vocals.
3) The gothic look was typified by
a) slim-fit jeans, sometimes in bright colors, tight t-shirts, studded belts and black wristbands.
b) black hair, pale skin, tight black clothes, pointed boots and lots of silver jewellery.
c) brightly coloured hair, metal chains, torn clothes, heavy boots.
4) In the last decade of the 20th century gothic music
a) lost media coverage.
b) become very popular.
c) was forbidden by the government.
5) The new interest in the subculture appeared because of
a) the spreading of the Internet.
b) the cheap price on the gothic clothes
c) the famous films about vampires.
6) Nowadays gothic music
a) doesn’t have a definite sound.
b) is all the hard music altogether.
c) doesn’t exist any more.
7) At present goth subculture in mainly concerned with
a) music and gathering places.
b) fashion and ideology.
c) cost-effectiveness and profitability.
How to indentify a subculture?
A subculture is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong. Steven Mintz says that until about 1950, youth subculture as such did not exist. Children aspired to (or were pulled into) adulthood as fast as their physical development allowed. As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between a majority, “which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a 'subculture' which actively sought a minority style”. In 2007 Ken Gelder said that subcultures are social, with their own shared conventions, values and rituals. He identified six key ways in which subcultures can be understood:
1. through their often negative relations to work;
2. through their negative or ambivalent relation to class;
3. through their association with territory (the ‘street’, the ‘hood’, the ‘club’, etc.);
4. through their movement out of the home and into non-domestic forms of belonging (i.e. social groups other than the family);
5. through their stylistic ties to excess and exaggeration (with some exceptions);
6. through their refusal of the banalities of ordinary life.
Subcultures can be distinctive because of the age, ethnicity, class, location, and/or gender of the members. According to Dick Hebdige, members of a subculture often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes fashions, music, mannerisms, and argot. However, gathering places can also be an important factor.
The study of subcultures often consists of the study of the symbolism attached to clothing, music, other visible affections by members of the subculture and also the ways in which these same symbols are interpreted by members of the dominant culture. It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because their style (particularly clothing and music) may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes. This process may often result in the death or evolution of the subculture, as its members adopt new styles that appear alien to mainstream society. This process provides a constant stream of styles which may be commercially adopted. Music-based subcultures are particularly vulnerable to this process, and so what may be considered a subculture at one stage in its history—such as jazz, goth, punk, hip hop and rave cultures—may represent mainstream taste within a short period of time. Some subcultures reject the importance of style, stressing membership through the adoption of an ideology which may be much more resistant to commercial exploitation. The punk subculture's distinctive (in other words shocking) style of clothing was adopted by mass-market fashion companies once the subculture became a media interest.
to aspire [qs’paIq] (ed) - стремиться (aspiration, aspiringly, aspirer)
to provide [prq’vaId] (ed) - обусловливать, предусматривать (providable, provision, provider)
to seek (sought, sought) - стремиться (seeking, seeker)
ambivalent [xm'blv(q)lqnt] - противоречивый (ambivalently)
domestic [dq’mestIk] - домашний, семейный (domestically)
tie [taI] - связь (to tie together, tied, tying)
excess [ik'ses] - чрезмерность, излишества (excessive)
exaggeration [Ig,zxGq’reIS(q)n] - преувеличение (to exaggerate, exaggerated)
argot ['Q:gqu] - жаргон (argotic)
to be attached to [q’txtSt] - быть свойственным (attachable, to attach)
affection [q’fekS(q)n] - привязанность (to affect, affectionless)
to adopt [q’dOpt] (ed) - перенимать, заимствовать (adoption, adopter)
alien ['eilIqn] - чуждый, непривычный (alienation)
vulnerable [‘vAln(q)rqbl] - уязвимый (vulnerability, vulnerably)
to reject [rI’Gekt] (ed) - отвергать (rejectable, rejecter, rejective)
resistant [rI’zist(q)nt] - устойчивый (to resist, resistantly)
Exercises on the text.
1. Определите являются ли следующие выражения верными (true) или нет (false):
1) A subculture is a group of people that is the same with the larger culture to which they belong.
2) Subcultures existed since the beginning of the world.
3) In 1950 David Riesman distinguished between a majority and a subculture.
4) Ken Gelder said that subcultures aren’t social, and don’t have any values and rituals different from these of the mainstream culture.
5) You can recognize a subculture by the age, ethnicity, class, location, and/or gender of the members.
6) But gathering places aren’t an important factor.
7) It’s very easy to identify certain subcultures.
8) The peculiar style of the subculture may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes.
2. Раскройте скобки, выбирая требующуюся форму глагола:
1) Не (to provide) a car with a radio last summer. 2) Very often greediness (to be attached) to rich people. 3) She always (to aspire) to reach her goals. 4) His unique method (to adopt) by all scientific world a hundred years ago. 5) Their mother always said they must (to seek) to make their dreams come true.
3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1) What is a subculture?
2) Since when do we distinguish between a subculture and a mainstream culture?
3) What are the key points of understanding a subculture?
4) How can we recognize a representative of a subculture?
5) Is there a process of adopting any peculiar features of subcultures by mass culture?
6) What can it result?
7) Are there any subcultures vulnerable to this process?
4. Продолжите предложения, опираясь на текст:
1) A mainstream culture is a culture
a) which differentiates people from the larger culture to which they belong.
b) which passively accept commercially provided styles and meanings.
c) that doesn’t exist.
2) In early 1950s David Riesman distinguished between
a) a subculture and a counterculture
b) liberal-democrats and conservatives.
c) a majority and a subculture
3) Many scientists think that members of a subculture often show their membership through
a) buying expensive clothes.
b) presenting each other with musical disks.
c) a distinctive use of style.
4) The study of any subculture consists of the study of
a) the symbolism attached to visible affections of members of a subculture.
b) the political views of members of a subculture.
c) the mental abilities of members of a subculture.
5) Some subcultures reject the importance of style, and express membership through
a) making a tattoo on some certain part of the body.
b) getting an academic degree.
c) the adoption of a certain ideology.
Personal letter.
25 North Road, Apt. 5
London W2 4RH
England Michigan
October 19, 2010
Dear Emily,
It was nice to have a letter from you after all this time.
You were interested in my opinion about subcultures, and so, I can tell you that I belong to one of them. I think this way of expressing my individuality suits me just fine. And besides, my parents don’t mind it at all.
By the way, in this term we study subcultures too. So, I’d like to ask you some questions on this topic. How do young people in Britain feel about subcultures? Do you have any friends belonging to a subculture? How do members of different subcultures interact?
Write back soon.
Best wishes,
Olga.
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